Book of Acts - Chapter 13 - Verse 20

After the Exodus from Egypt, the Israelites wandered in the wilderness for forty years before entering the Promised Land. Once they settled in the land of Canaan, God raised up judges to lead and govern the tribes of Israel. These judges were not kings, but rather individuals chosen by God to deliver his people from oppression and guide them in following his laws and commandments. The period of the judges lasted for about four hundred and fifty years, during which time the Israelites faced numerous challenges and enemies. One of the most prominent judges was Samuel, who later became a prophet and anointer of kings. Through the judges, God showed his faithfulness in delivering his people and his desire for them to remain faithful to him. The era of the judges laid the foundation for the establishment of the monarchy in Israel, setting the stage for the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon.

Within the theological interpretation of this verse, the period of four hundred and fifty years mentioned refers to the time from the entry into the Promised Land until the prophethood of Samuel. During this time, the Israelites were without a king and were governed by judges who were appointed by God to lead and guide the people. This period was marked by cycles of disobedience, suffering, repentance, and deliverance, illustrating the faithfulness of God to His covenant with Israel. The word "judge" in this context carries the connotation of not only rendering legal judgments but also of being a military leader and spiritual leader. The judges acted as intermediaries between God and the people, reminding them of their obligations under the Mosaic covenant. Samuel, as the last and greatest of the judges, bridged the gap between the period of judges and the establishment of the monarchy in Israel, paving the way for the kingship of Saul and subsequently David. This verse highlights the transitional period in Israel's history and sets the stage for the monarchy that would follow.